Table Table 1 From the research bench 6 September 2026

What are direct, indirect, total, and overall effects?

Effect	What changes	Decision question
Direct effect	A unit's own treatment, holding the relevant other-unit exposure condition fixed	What happened to this unit because its assignment changed?
Indirect effect	Treatment assigned to other units, with own treatment held in the declared condition	What happened to this unit because connected units were treated?
Total effect	Own and other-unit treatment together under the declared design	What is the combined effect for a unit in the group?
Overall effect	Population-level outcome under alternative assignment mechanisms	What changes for the population when the program is assigned differently?

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What is interference? When one unit changes another unit's outcome

Interference occurs when one unit’s outcome depends on another unit’s treatment. Define exposure, groups, and estimands before reading spillover.

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Isoglu, S. (2026). What are direct, indirect, total, and overall effects? [Table]. isoglu.com. https://isoglu.com/insights/exhibits/isoglu-2026-what-is-interference-fig01/

BibTeX

@misc{isoglu-2026-what-is-interference-fig01,
  author = {Isoglu, Sinan},
  title = {{What are direct, indirect, total, and overall effects?}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {Table 1, isoglu.com},
  url = {https://isoglu.com/insights/exhibits/isoglu-2026-what-is-interference-fig01/},
  note = {From the essay {What is interference? When one unit changes another unit's outcome}}
}

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